Idan koren shayi shine hoton jakadan abubuwan sha na gabashin Asiya, to, shayin shayi ya yadu a duk duniya.Daga China zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Arewacin Amurka, da Afirka, ana iya ganin baƙar fata sau da yawa.Wannan shayin da aka haifa ta hanyar bazata, ya zama abin sha a duniya tare da yada ilimin shayi.
Nasarar da ta gaza
A marigayi Ming da farkon daular Qing, sojoji sun ratsa kauyen Tongmu, Wuyi, Fujian, suka mamaye masana'antar shayi na gida.Sojoji ba su da wurin kwana, don haka suka kwana a sararin sama a kan ganyen shayin da ya tara a kasa a masana’antar shayi.Ana busasshen waɗannan “marasa shayin” ana bushewa ana shayar da su kuma ana sayar da su a farashi mai sauƙi.Ganyen shayin yana fitar da kamshi mai ƙarfi.
Jama’ar gari sun san wannan koren shayi ne da ya kasa yi, kuma ba wanda yake son ya saya ya sha.Wataƙila ba su yi tunanin cewa a cikin 'yan shekaru kaɗan, wannan shayin da ya gaza zai zama sananne a duk faɗin duniya kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayayyakin cinikin waje na Daular Qing.Sunansa baƙar shayi.
Yawancin teas na Turai da muke gani a yanzu sun dogara ne akan shayi na shayi, amma a gaskiya, a matsayin kasar farko da ta fara cinikin shayi da kasar Sin a babban sikelin, Birtaniya ma sun yi dogon zango na karbar baki.Lokacin da aka gabatar da shayi zuwa Turai ta hannun Kamfanin Dutch East India, Birtaniya ba su da ikon yin mulki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, don haka sai sun sayi shayi daga Dutch.Wannan ganya mai ban mamaki daga Gabas ta zama abin alatu mai matuƙar daraja a cikin kwatancin matafiya na Turai.Yana iya warkar da cututtuka, jinkirta tsufa, kuma a lokaci guda yana wakiltar wayewa, nishaɗi da wayewa.Ban da wannan kuma, daular kasar Sin ta dauki fasahar shuka da samar da shayi a matsayin wani babban sirrin kasa.Baya ga samun shayin da aka shirya daga 'yan kasuwa, Turawa suna da irin wannan ilimin game da albarkatun shayi, wuraren shuka, nau'ikan da sauransu. Ban sani ba.Shayin da aka shigo da shi daga kasar Sin yana da iyaka sosai.A cikin karni na 16 da 17, Portuguese sun zaɓi shigo da shayi daga Japan.To sai dai kuma bayan kamfen na kawar da Toyotomi Hideyoshi, an kashe kiristoci da yawa na Turai a Japan, kuma an kusan katse cinikin shayi.
A shekara ta 1650, farashin shayin fam 1 a Ingila ya kai kimanin fam 6-10, ya koma farashin yau, ya yi daidai da fam 500-850, wato shayi mafi arha a Biritaniya a wancan lokaci mai yiwuwa ne a sayar da shi. kwatankwacin yuan 4,000 a yau / farashin catty.Wannan kuma shi ne sakamakon faduwar farashin shayi yayin da cinikin ya karu.Sai a shekara ta 1689 ne Kamfanin Birtaniya na Gabashin Indiya ya tuntubi gwamnatin Qing bisa hukuma tare da shigo da shayi da yawa daga tashoshi na hukuma, kuma farashin shayin Burtaniya ya fadi kasa da fam 1.Ko da yake, ga shayin da ake shigowa da su daga kasar Sin, a ko da yaushe Birtaniya sun kasance cikin rudani game da al'amurran da suka shafi inganci, kuma a ko da yaushe suna jin cewa ingancin shayin Sin ba ya daidaita.
A cikin 1717, Thomas Twinings (wanda ya kafa alamar TWININGS na yau) ya buɗe ɗakin shayi na farko a London.Makamin sihirin kasuwancinsa shine ya gabatar da nau'ikan teas masu gauraye daban-daban.Dangane da dalilin ƙirƙirar teas ɗin da aka haɗa, shi ne saboda dandano na shayi daban-daban ya bambanta sosai.Jikan TWININGS ya taba bayyana hanyar kakansa, “Idan ka fitar da kwalaye ashirin na shayi, ka dandana shayin a tsanake, zai tarar cewa kowanne akwati yana da dandano daban-daban: wasu na da karfi da astringent, wasu kuma haske ne kuma mara zurfi… Ta hanyar hadawa. da kuma dacewa da shayi daga kwalaye daban-daban, za mu iya samun haɗuwa da ta fi dacewa fiye da kowane akwati guda.Bugu da ƙari, wannan ita ce kawai hanya don tabbatar da daidaiton inganci. "Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya a lokaci guda kuma sun rubuta a cikin bayanan kwarewarsu cewa ya kamata su yi taka tsantsan yayin mu'amala da 'yan kasuwar kasar Sin.Wasu teas ɗin baƙar fata ne, kuma kallo ɗaya za su iya cewa shayin ba shi da kyau.Amma a zahiri, irin wannan shayin ya fi zama baƙar fata da ake samarwa a China.
Sai daga baya ne mutanen Birtaniya suka san cewa baƙar shayi ya bambanta da koren shayi, wanda hakan ya sa sha'awar shan baƙar shayin.Bayan da ya dawo daga ziyarar da ya kai kasar Sin, Fasto John Overton na Burtaniya ya gabatar wa Burtaniya cewa, akwai shayi iri uku a kasar Sin: shayin Wuyi, da shayin songluo da kuma shayin biredi, wadanda Sinawa ke girmama shayin Wuyi a matsayin na farko."Daga nan ne Turawan Ingila suka fara, An kama hanyar shan baƙar shayin Wuyi mai inganci.
Duk da haka, saboda cikakken sirrin da gwamnatin Qing ta yi game da ilimin shayi, yawancin jama'ar Burtaniya ba su san cewa sarrafa nau'in shayi daban-daban ne ke haifar da su ba, kuma sun yi kuskuren ganin cewa akwai bishiyar kore shayi daban-daban, da baƙar fata da sauransu. .
sarrafa Black shayi da al'adun gida
A cikin tsarin samar da shayi na shayi, mafi mahimmancin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa suna bushewa da fermentation.Manufar bushewa shine don zubar da danshin da ke cikin ganyen shayi.Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda uku: bushewar hasken rana, bushewar yanayi na cikin gida da bushewar dumama.Baƙin shayi na zamani ya dogara ne akan hanya ta ƙarshe.Tsarin fermentation shine a tilasta fitar da theaflavins, thearubigins da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin ganyen shayi, wanda shine dalilin da yasa baƙar shayin zai bayyana ja mai duhu.Dangane da tsarin samar da kayan shayi, mutane sun saba raba baƙar shayi zuwa nau'ikan iri uku, waɗanda suka haɗa da Souchong black tea, Gongfu black tea da jajayen dakakken shayi.Ya kamata a ambaci cewa mutane da yawa za su rubuta Gongfu Black Tea a matsayin "Kung Fu Black Tea".A gaskiya ma, ma’anar waɗannan biyun ba su daidaita ba, kuma lafazin “Kung Fu” da “Kung Fu” a yaren kudancin Hokkien su ma sun bambanta.Hanyar da ta dace ta rubuta ya kamata ta kasance "Gongfu Black Tea".
Baƙar shayin Confucian da baƙar shayin shayi na gama gari ana fitar da shi zuwa ketare, wanda akasari ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan shayi.A matsayin babban shayi don fitarwa, baƙar fata ba ya shafi Burtaniya kawai a cikin karni na 19.Tun lokacin da Yongzheng ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Tsarist Rasha a shekara ta biyar, Sin ta fara ciniki da Rasha, kuma an gabatar da baƙar shayi ga Rasha.Ga 'yan Rasha da ke zaune a yankin sanyi, baƙar fata shine abin sha mai zafi mai kyau.Ba kamar na Burtaniya ba, Rashawa suna son shan shayi mai ƙarfi, kuma za su ƙara jam, yankakken lemun tsami, brandy ko rum zuwa manyan allurai na baƙar fata don dacewa da Bread, ƙwanƙwasa da sauran abubuwan ciye-ciye na iya kusan zama abinci.
Yadda Bafaranshen ke shan baƙar shayi ya yi kama da na Burtaniya.Suna mai da hankali kan jin daɗi.Za su ƙara madara, sukari ko kwai a cikin baƙar fata, su gudanar da liyafa na shayi a gida, da kuma shirya kayan zaki da gasa.Indiyawa sun kusa shan kofin shayin madara da aka yi da baƙar shayi bayan cin abinci.Har ila yau, hanyar yin shi ta kasance na musamman.Azuba black tea, madara, cloves, da cardamom a hade a cikin tukunya a dahu, sannan a zuba kayan da za a yi irin wannan shayin.Abin sha mai suna "Masala Tea".
Daidaitaccen wasa tsakanin baƙar shayi da kayan masarufi daban-daban ya sa ya shahara a duk faɗin duniya.A cikin karni na 19, don tabbatar da samar da baƙar fata, Birtaniya sun ƙarfafa wa yankunan da ke mulkin mallaka don yin shayi, kuma sun fara inganta al'adun shan shayi zuwa wasu yankuna tare da saurin zinare.A ƙarshen karni na 19, Ostiraliya da New Zealand sun zama ƙasashen da suka fi yawan shan shayi na kowane mutum.Dangane da wuraren dasa shuki, baya ga karfafawa Indiya da Ceylon kwarin gwiwar yin gogayya da juna a fannin noman shayi, Burtaniya ta kuma bude wuraren noman shayi a kasashen Afirka, wanda ya fi wakilci a kasar Kenya.Bayan karni na ci gaba, Kenya a yau ta zama kasa ta uku a yawan samar da baƙar shayi a duniya.Koyaya, saboda ƙarancin ƙasa da yanayin yanayi, ingancin baƙar shayin Kenya bai dace ba.Kodayake abin da ake fitarwa yana da girma, yawancinsa ana iya amfani dashi kawai don buhunan shayi.albarkatun kasa.
Tare da hauhawar dashen shayin shayi, yadda za su fara nasu iri ya zama wani al'amari ga masu sayar da shayi su yi tunani sosai.Dangane da haka, ba tare da shakka ba Lipton ne ya lashe kyautar.Wai Lipton dan kishi ne wanda yake daukar cikin tallan baki shayi awa 24 a rana.Da zarar jirgin dakon kaya da Lipton yake ciki ya lalace, sai kaftin din ya ce wa fasinjojin su jefar da kaya a cikin teku.Nan take Lipton ya nuna yarda ya watsar da baki baki daya.Kafin ya watsar da kwalayen black tea ya rubuta sunan kamfanin Lipton akan kowane akwati.Wadannan akwatunan da aka jefa a cikin tekun sun yi ta shawagi zuwa yankin Larabawa tare da magudanar ruwa, kuma Larabawan da suka dauko su a bakin tekun nan da nan suka fara sha'awar abin sha bayan sun hada shi.Lipton ya shiga kasuwar Larabawa da jarin kusan sifili.Ganin cewa shi kansa Lipton kwararre ne mai alfahari da kuma kwararriyar talla, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da gaskiyar labarin da ya bayar ba.Sai dai ana iya ganin gasa mai zafi da gasar baƙar shayi a duniya daga wannan.
Main jinsin
Keemun Kungfu, Lapsang Souchong, Jinjunmei, Yunnan Ancient Tree Black Tea
Souchong baki shayi
Souchong yana nufin cewa adadin ya yi karanci, kuma tsari na musamman shine wuce tukunyar ja.Ta wannan tsari, ana dakatar da fermentation na ganyen shayi, don kiyaye ƙamshin ganyen shayin.Wannan tsari yana buƙatar lokacin da zafin tukunyar ƙarfe ya kai yadda ake buƙata, toya a cikin tukunyar da hannu biyu.Dole ne a sarrafa lokacin da kyau.Doguwa ko gajere zai yi tasiri sosai ga ingancin shayi.
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Gongfu baki shayi
Babban nau'in shayi mai shayi na kasar Sin.Da farko dai ana rage ruwan ganyen shayin zuwa kasa da kashi 60% ta hanyar bushewa, sannan kuma ana aiwatar da matakai guda uku na birgima, fermentation, da bushewa.A lokacin fermentation, ɗakin fermentation dole ne a kiyaye shi da haske kuma yanayin zafi ya dace, kuma a ƙarshe ana zaɓar ingancin ganyen shayi ta hanyar sarrafa mai tacewa.
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CTC
Kneading da yanke ya maye gurbin ƙulluwa a cikin tsarin samar da nau'in shayi na farko guda biyu.Saboda bambance-bambance a cikin manual, inji, kneading da yanke hanyoyin, inganci da bayyanar samfuran da aka samar sun bambanta sosai.Jajayen dakakken shayi ana amfani da shi azaman ɗanyen abu don buhunan shayi da shayin madara.
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Jin Junmei
●Asalin: Dutsen Wuyi, Fujian
● Launin miya: rawaya na zinariya
●Kamshi: Haɗaɗɗen saƙa
Sabon shayin, wanda aka kirkireshi a shekarar 2005, bakar shayi ne mai daraja da daraja kuma yana bukatar a yi shi daga kusoshi na bishiyar shayin mai tsayi.Akwai kwaikwai da yawa, kuma ingantaccen busasshen shayin rawaya, baƙar fata, da zinariya kala uku ne, amma ba launin zinari ɗaya ba.
Lapsang Souchong
●Asalin: Dutsen Wuyi, Fujian
● Launin miya: ja mai haske
●Kamshi: ƙamshin Pine
Saboda amfani da itacen pine da ake samarwa a gida don shan taba da gasa, Lapsang Souchong zai sami rosin na musamman ko kamshi mai tsayi.Yawancin lokaci kumfa na farko shine ƙanshin Pine, kuma bayan kumfa biyu ko uku, kamshin dogon lokaci ya fara fitowa.
Tanyang Kungfu
●Asalin: Fu'an, Fujian
● Launin miya: ja mai haske
●Kamshi: M
Wani muhimmin samfurin fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje a lokacin daular Qing, ya taba zama shayin da aka kebe ga gidan sarautar Burtaniya, kuma ya samar da miliyoyin teloli na azurfa a cikin kudaden musayar kasashen waje ga daular Qing a kowace shekara.Amma yana da daraja a China, har ma ya canza zuwa koren shayi a shekarun 1970.
Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-10-2023